Learn the essentials of Programming Language | Algorithms and Flowcharts
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C: C is the FIRST & Mother of all Programming languages. If you want to learn the next level and more about other Programming and Coding languages, Start with C.
C++: C++ is based on the traditional C language and includes Data Structures and Object-oriented Programming Language. It is mostly used in developing Games.
Variables & Constants in C & C++
- A variable is a name that is given to a location in the memory of a computer. During program execution, the value stored in the variable can be changed.
- A constant is the values that are fixed & cannot change during the execution of a program.
Operators used in C & C++.
Arithmetic operator: + (add), - (subtract), * (multiply), / (divide).
Relational operator: < (lesser than), > (greater than), <= (lesser than equal to), >= (greater than equal to), == (equal to), != (not equal to).
Logical operator: && (logical AND), || (logical OR), ! (logical NOT).
Bitwise operator: & (bitwise AND), | (bitwise OR), << (bitwise shift left), >> (bitwise shift right).
Assignment operator: += (addition assignment), -= (subtraction assignment), *= (multiplication assignment), /= (division assignment).
Data types in C & C++ are:
Simple
- Int, Float, Char, Double, Void, Bool.
Derived
- Array, Function, Pointer, Reference.
User-defined
- Structure, Union, Class, Enumerated, Typedef.
Simple
Integer: Integer (int) holds 2 bytes of variable memory. -32768 to 32767 is the range.
Floating: Floating (float) holds 4 bytes of variable memory. 3.4*10-38 to 3.4*1038 is the range.
Character: Character (char) holds 1 byte of variable memory. 0 to 255 is the range.
Double: Double is the modifier of float type. It holds 8 bytes of variable memory. Its range is from 1.7 E-308 to 1.7 E308.
Void: Void is zero or null that is used when a function does not return any value. Example: void main (), void display ().
Boolean: Boolean (bool) handles logical data like true (1) or false (0). Its size is 1 byte.
Derived
Array: Array is a homogeneous element that contains a common name for each & every element. There are 3 types of arrays
One-dimensional array: A one-dimensional array is a group of similar types of data elements having the same name & structure.
Two-dimensional array: A two-dimensional array is a group of homogeneous elements structured in 2 dimensions with a common name. It is organised in matrices which can be represented as a collection of rows & columns.
Multi-dimensional array: A multi-dimensional array is an array with more than one element with more or multiple indexes. It is most commonly used in a two-dimensional array, also known as a table or matrix. They are used for storing the data in a tabular manner (consisting of rows & columns).
Function: A function is known as subprograms; these subprograms are modularized when the programs are complex & lengthy.
Pointer: A pointer is the memory address of another variable that is stored.
Reference: A reference is safer than the pointer type inherited from C. It is less powerful.
User-defined
Structure: A structure is a collection of logically related data elements of same or different types.
Union: A union is a collection of different variables of different data types that share the same memory location. As structure variables, it is created in the same manner. In C language, the keyword “union” is used to define unions.
Class: A class is a template that represents a group of objects which share common properties & relationships. A blueprint for an object makes a class.
Enumerated: Enumerated is a set of values that consists of integral constants. It provides an easy way to work with sets of related constants.
Typedef: Typedef (type definition) is a reserved keyword, a way to assign a new name to the pre-existing data type.
Control statements in C & C++
- If statement: The if statement is a decision-making statement that checks whether an expression is true or false.
- If else statement: The if else statement is used to check whether an expression matches with the first statement or the second statement.
- Nested if statement: The nested if statement is used to nest an unlimited number of if/else statements.
- If else ladder: The if else ladder is used to check a set of multiple statements that matches with the expression.
- Switch statement: The switch statement is used to compare all the cases in the expression.
Looping statements in C & C++
- While loop: The while loop is also known as pre-tested loop. It is used to check the condition that takes place before the execution of statements. As long as the condition is true, the statement is executed. If the condition is false, execution of the statement exits from the loop.
- Do while loop: The do while loop is also known as post tested loop. It is used to check the condition that takes place after the execution of statements. If the condition is true, then the set of statements are executed. If the condition is false, execution of the statement exits from the loop.
- For loop: The for loop is a fixed condition loop. It repeats the execution of statements until the condition is true.
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